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Written by Thomas Gift and Julie Norman, Centre on US Politics.
Published 9 January.

As the US midterm election results roll in, it鈥檚 evident that the Republican 鈥渞ed wave鈥� that many experts anticipated hasn鈥檛 materialised. Early numbers indicate that Republicans are likely to take back the听听but by slimmer numbers than expected, even as the听听remains a toss-up. While it might see more of a ripple than a wave, Washington still appears braced for divided government.

In the US Congress, Republicans will focus on maintaining a united front against Democrats and trying to ensure that President Joe Biden only serves one term. Policy and legislative gridlock is likely to be the watchword in Washington over the next two years.

Although Biden may have some power to听听if Democrats keep control of the Senate, other key White House priorities 鈥� including on the environment, healthcare and reproductive rights 鈥� will grind to a halt. Here鈥檚 five other key takeaways:

1. Spending cuts

If there鈥檚 one place where House Republicans, in particular, will leverage their newfound clout, it鈥檚 in the area of government spending. Federal expenditures, which have听听under the Biden administration, will likely be reigned in.

Republican leadership will try to force Democrats鈥� hands in reforming social security and Medicare in exchange for allowing an听听the borrowing limit for the US Treasury that keeps the federal government operating.

The scope and scale of spending cuts will in large part be determined by听. Reforming welfare is known as the 鈥渢hird rail of American politics鈥� because of its potential to damage officials who deign to take away financial support from Americans. While fiscal hawks such as Republican congressman Jim Jordan of Ohio, co-founder of the Freedom Caucus, have expressed interest in听, populists in the party may be more wary.

2. Launching investigations

Where Capitol Hill will most see action, however, is in a听听aimed at the executive branch 鈥� an itch that Republicans have been yearning to scratch since Biden took office. Partly payback for Trump鈥檚 two impeachments, and partly due to anger over the White House鈥檚 agenda, Republicans will exploit every opening to听, including on听,听,听, and the听.

Some hardline Republican House members have even听听the idea of impeaching Biden, but that likelihood seems remote. Ultra Trump supporters like Marjorie Taylor Greene, a Republican congresswoman from Georgia, will continue to press for any action that creates a self-serving political spectacle.

Yet more mainstream Republicans realise that path is听. The risk is being perceived as ignoring 鈥渒itchen-table issues鈥� such as inflation while pursuing a partisan vendetta against Biden.

3. Attitudes to China and Ukraine

Internationally, the midterms are also likely to have limited impact in altering concrete policies. Many US听听that if Republicans wrested control of even one congressional chamber, they鈥檇 tighten Washington鈥檚 purse strings and jeopardise America鈥檚 commitments abroad.

Most notably, speculations arose about pulling back support to Ukraine after House minority leader Kevin McCarthy declared last month that a Republican Congress would be disinclined to write a 鈥溾�� for the war effort.

A stark pivot away from Kyiv is unlikely, however, even amid a conflict with no foreseeable end. Despite a听听within the Republican party, there鈥檚 broad-based support around Washington for backing Ukraine鈥檚 military defences. That鈥檚 in line with public opinion for countering Putin鈥檚 war, with roughly听听agreeing that the US should continue to offer financial and military assistance to Kyiv.听

Similarly, foreign policy toward China is an area where Republicans and Democrats remain united. Biden has backed off Trump鈥檚 dialed-up rhetoric toward Beijing, but has still defaulted to his predecessor鈥檚 position of waging听.

4. Implications for US democracy

While the midterms matter on their own 鈥� and shouldn鈥檛 just be viewed as a warm-up for 2024 鈥� there鈥檚 a reason why all eyes will now shift toward the next presidential election. Democrats framed the midterms not just as a vote on policies, but as a referendum on the听.

奥颈迟丑听听right-wing election deniers on the ballot, many worried that the groundwork could be set for an even more turbulent election in 2024 than the nation survived in 2020.

Early polling, however, indicates that Americans are pushing back against many extreme election deniers, especially at the state level. Voters in听听and Michigan rejected Trump-backed candidates for governor who would have held considerable sway over certifying electoral votes. What鈥檚 more, vocal election-denying candidates for听听鈥� the official who certifies election results in most states 鈥� have听听in many races, underperforming other Republicans.

5. Trump鈥檚 future role

Meanwhile, Trump鈥檚 grip on the party may be increasingly challenged by rival Ron DeSantis, who听听in the Florida governor鈥檚 race by a double-digit margin, flipping districts that used to be safely Democrat and taking large swaths of the Hispanic/Latino vote. Although results for Trump-backed candidates have been听, it鈥檚 clear that Trump鈥檚 blessing wasn鈥檛 a surefire guarantee of victory, and that candidate听听continues to matter.

All of this doesn鈥檛 ensure there won鈥檛 be threats to election results, either in this cycle or 2024. The scourge of election denialism has become bigger than just Trump or his most ardent allies, morphing into a full-blown听听that may prove hard to contain. Still, the apparent rejection of the most extreme candidates suggests that many Americans 鈥� from both parties 鈥� want stability back, especially in the core institution of free and fair elections.

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